129, 131, 132, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148,

150, 151, 159, 164, 166, 188, 190, 193,

195–97, 204, 206, 208–10, 212, 214, 216,

222, 231, 240, 242–47, 251–53, 257, 258,

261–65, 275–78, 280, 282, 293, 294, 296,

298–302, 304, 310, 311, 313–16, 327, 328,

332, 334, 335, 344, 345, 347, 361, 374,

375, 377, 378, 380, 384–86, 390

electroactive, 21, 26, 27, 67, 182, 293, 374,

377, 386

electrochemical, 5, 6, 8, 11, 23, 25, 29–31, 44, 47,

54, 56, 59, 60, 65, 74–78, 80–83, 85–88,

94, 97–99, 104, 110, 119, 124, 128, 129,

131, 134, 135, 158–61, 164–67, 181, 190,

191, 211, 212, 221–23, 229, 231, 238, 240,

244–47, 259, 265, 270, 274, 276–78, 292,

293, 298, 304, 310, 312–19, 346, 357, 360,

367, 374, 376–78, 380–83, 388

electromagnetic, 28, 76, 130, 131, 349

electronic, 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 20–23, 25, 26, 28–31, 36,

37, 39, 54–57, 59, 62, 63, 67, 74, 94, 98,

109–11, 119, 124, 135, 140, 142–50,

152–54, 157, 159, 164, 172, 177, 180–82,

187, 188, 190, 197, 203, 204, 206, 210,

211, 221, 228, 229, 231, 238, 239, 242,

243, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 261, 264,

270–73, 276–79, 281, 282, 285, 291–94,

296, 302, 304, 319, 324, 334, 335, 342,

375–78, 380–82, 384, 385, 388–90

electronic skins, 144–46, 229, 294

electrophoresis, 124, 125

ELISA, 124, 125, 127, 166, 310

enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, 124,

125, 310

etching, 42, 46, 192, 214, 239–41, 243, 247,

278, 345

exfoliation, 38, 42–46, 254, 278

Fe3O4, 38, 75, 81, 83, 158, 222

FET, 6, 9, 10, 47, 65, 75, 82, 87, 88, 165, 195, 197,

210, 274–77, 279, 281, 283–85, 343, 344

field–effect transistors, 6, 36, 46, 47, 65, 75, 87,

190, 195, 197, 206, 251, 261, 263, 264,

273, 343

flexible, 9, 11, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 38–40, 49, 61,

67, 89, 111, 114, 142, 144, 145, 148,

150–53, 157–59, 166, 167, 188–90,

194–98, 204, 211, 213–17, 222, 224,

228–32, 243, 258, 259, 261, 264, 285, 293,

296, 300, 302, 303, 329, 332, 335, 336,

345, 357, 361–63, 365–68, 374–78,

380–90

graphene, 11, 21, 24–28, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42–49, 53,

54, 60, 64–67, 75, 76, 82, 85–87, 110, 114,

143–45, 158, 160, 161, 165, 188, 190, 192,

195, 197, 222, 223, 231, 241–43, 245,

252–59, 261–65, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282,

284, 293, 296, 298, 300, 316–19, 327, 357,

363, 364, 366–68, 382

graphene oxide, 27, 60, 85, 158, 160, 165, 190,

222, 231, 242, 243, 252, 253, 258, 259,

261, 280, 293, 298, 300, 317–19, 364, 368,

382, 386

hopping, 60, 176, 177, 179

hydrogels, 11, 23, 28, 39, 59, 110, 111, 259,

292–96, 298, 300–304, 380–82, 384

hydrothermal, 46, 83, 191, 211–13, 217, 239,

240, 315

impedance spectroscopy, 94, 97–99, 102, 129,

131, 296, 383

implantable, 2, 20, 23, 25, 38, 40, 110, 150, 152,

153, 157, 188, 189, 193, 195, 196, 204,

208, 211, 217, 252, 253, 294, 295, 298,

302, 323, 324, 329, 332, 334, 342–44, 346,

349, 352, 380, 388

inorganic, 7, 10, 11, 20–23, 25–27, 29, 54–57, 142,

144, 188, 190, 193, 195, 197, 292, 364

intercalation, 42–44, 243

interface, 3–5, 20–23, 25, 26, 30, 36, 40, 49, 54,

56–58, 60, 62, 66, 81, 94, 100, 101, 103,

110, 111, 117, 119, 126, 145–48, 150, 152,

153, 167, 190, 224, 238, 245, 246, 251,

252, 257–59, 264, 275, 292, 300, 304, 319,

331, 332, 346, 374, 380, 382–85

iron oxide, 75, 76, 83, 131

lab–on–a–chip, 3, 75, 77, 132

LOC, 74–85, 87–89

manganese oxide, 75, 84

MEA, 48, 214, 302

mechanical, 5, 6, 8–12, 14, 20–24, 26, 27, 30, 36,

38, 40–43, 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64,

65, 132, 142, 144, 148, 151, 173, 177, 190,

193–96, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217,

222–24, 229–31, 234, 240–42, 244, 245,

247, 252–54, 257, 258, 261, 262, 264,

292–96, 298, 300–302, 304, 310, 316, 325,

326, 335–37, 343, 345, 374–78, 380–82,

385, 390

mechanism, 5, 10, 29, 30, 37, 46–48, 60, 63, 67, 77,

79, 80, 83, 84, 110, 129, 142, 143, 160,

396

Index